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it's all about flames fluids and

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materials research aboard the

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international space station hi i'm nasa

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astronaut tracy dyson welcome to station

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welcome back

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this month on station life we're going

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to look at how the unique environment

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onboard the international space station

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enables physical science research

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our space station is a laboratory unlike

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any on earth

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as we orbit in free fall around the

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planet we have the opportunity to

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control gravity as a variable in our

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research the pristine microgravity

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environment allows us to observe aspects

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of fundamental physics that aren't

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possible here on earth

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you see gravity often masks or distorts

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subtle effects such as surface tension

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and diffusion on iss these forces can be

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harnessed for a wide variety of physical

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science applications

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so on today's program we're going to

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look at how the lack of gravity affects

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the physical sciences of flames fluids

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the international space station is the

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largest most complex object ever

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assembled in space and is clearly

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visible from earth with nothing more

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than the naked eye

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from end to end the station is slightly

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longer than an american football field

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the the biggest shock i would say the

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biggest impact that i had

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during my flight is

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the first time i looked out the window

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of the orbiter and saw the space station

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it was huge it was huge and shiny and

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beautiful

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looking at it and knowing that a

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man-made

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structure that big

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is actually up there

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the interior of this incredible

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structure is larger than a five-bedroom

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house with two baths a gym and a

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360-degree bay

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window the station's mass is almost 1

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million pounds and it contains about 32

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000 cubic feet of living space

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the space station functions as a

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microgravity and life sciences

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laboratory a test bed for new

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technologies and as a platform for both

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the complex is made up of multiple

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interconnected modules grouped together

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at the center point of a 357 foot long

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integrated truss structure

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power is generated through four giant

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solar arrays attached to the ends of the

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the pressurized components include three

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laboratories the u.s laboratory module

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destiny the european research laboratory

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columbus and the japanese experiment

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the russian service module is the

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structural and functional center of the

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russian segment of the station

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it provides living quarters

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communication systems an exercise

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facility and flight propulsion systems

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other russian segments include the

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functional cargo block two mini research

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the italian space agency provided a

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permanent multi-purpose module which can

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host up to 16 additional racks

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containing equipment experiments and

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supplies

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there are three modules called nodes

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that connect the elements of the station

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and provide birthing ports

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the primary residential areas include

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the russian service module and node

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three tranquility which contains a

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bathroom for crew hygiene and exercise

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equipment a treadmill and a zero-g

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the quest airlock provides the

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capability for extra vehicular activity

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or evas

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this is the module that provides the

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exit for space walking astronauts to go

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outside the station to work

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the cupola is a small module designed

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for the observation of operations

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outside the space station

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similar to a bay window in a home on

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earth but with a 360 degree view

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the cupola allows crew members to

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observe the approach of vehicles as well

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as all robotic arm operations and

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spacewalks

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the canadian built space station robotic

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arm is a larger version of the arm on

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the space shuttle

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and is used to move equipment and

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the space station is the home of six

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full-time crew members and is made up of

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astronauts and cosmonauts from nations

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around the world

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more than 200 people have visited so far

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and at least another 120 will live there

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when you're up there for six months or

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in scott kelly's case an entire year

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it's really the working in space part

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that becomes kind of the thing you love

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the most it's the thing that gets you

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through the days you're working with

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these professionals on the ground and a

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lot of them have spent their entire

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lives working on these science

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experiments and here we are up there and

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we get to operate them and it's really

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an honor to get to do that and in many

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ways those are some of my fondest

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memories of being in space

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you get to you get to work these

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experiments and they're usually watching

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over your shoulder from the ground and

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there's a lot of times where i would do

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something whether it was fluids or with

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flame research it really didn't matter

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the investigator would just say whoa

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whoa wait dude do that again that was

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incredible and totally unexpected and

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that was what just made you smile big up

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there when when hey we've been flying in

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space a long long time but we are still

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doing research that has unexpected

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results every single day on the space

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station and i really love that about

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in microgravity something as simple as a

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candle flame looks and behaves

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completely different than here on earth

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scientists are studying combustion on

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the space station with the hopes to

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improve efficiency of fuels and reduce

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fire it is often said is mankind's

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oldest chemistry experiment

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for thousands of years people have been

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mixing the oxygen-rich air of the earth

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with an almost endless variety of fuels

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to produce a hot luminous flame

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there's an arc of learning about

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combustion that stretches from the

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earliest campfires of primitive humans

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to the most advanced automobiles racing

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down the super highways of the 21st

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century

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engineers studying burning to produce

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better internal combustion engines

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chemists peer into flames looking for

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exotic reactions

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chefs experiment with fire to cook

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better food

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you would think there's not much more to

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learn

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when it comes to fire flames are hard to

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understand because they're complicated

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in an ordinary candle flame thousands of

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chemical reactions take place

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hydrocarbon molecules from the wick are

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vaporized and cracked apart by heat they

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combine with oxygen to produce light

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heat carbon dioxide and water

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some of the hydrocarbon fragments form

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ring-shaped molecules called polycyclic

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aromatic hydrocarbons

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and eventually soot

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soot particles can themselves burn or

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simply drift away as smoke

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the familiar teardrop shape of the flame

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is an effect caused by gravity

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hot air rises and draws fresh cool air

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behind it

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this is called buoyancy and is what

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makes the flame shoot up and flicker

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but what happens when you light a candle

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say on the international space station

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in microgravity flames burn differently

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they form little spheres

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space station flame balls turn out to be

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wonderful mini labs for combustion

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research

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unlike flames on earth which expand

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greedily when they need more fuel flame

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balls let the oxygen come to them

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oxygen and fuel combine in a narrow zone

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at the surface of the sphere not here

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and there throughout the flame

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it's a much simpler system recently on a

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space station experiment called flex

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where scientists learn how to put out

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fires in microgravity

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they noticed small droplets of heptane

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were burning inside the flex combustion

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chamber

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as planned the flames went out but

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unexpectedly the droplets of fuel

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continued burning

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the flames are there just too faint to

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see

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these are cool flames

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ordinarily visible fires burn at a high

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temperature between 2200 and 3100

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degrees fahrenheit

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heptane flame balls on the space station

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started out in this hot fire regime but

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as the flame balls cooled and began to

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go out a different kind of burning took

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over

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cool flames burn at the relatively low

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temperature of 400 to 1000 degrees

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fahrenheit and their chemistry is

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completely different

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normal flames produce soot carbon

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dioxide and water cool flames produce

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carbon monoxide and formaldehyde

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similar cool flames have been produced

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on earth but they flicker out almost

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immediately

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on the space station however cool flames

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can burn for nearly a minute

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there are practical implications of

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these results for instance they could

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lead to cleaner auto ignitions

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one of the ideas that auto companies

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have worked on for years is hcci

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short for homogeneous charge compression

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ignition

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in the automobile cylinder instead of a

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spark there would be a gentler less

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polluting combustion process throughout

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the entire chamber

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the chemistry of hcci involves cool

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flame chemistry

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the extra control we get from the

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steady-state burning on the space

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station will give us more accurate

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chemistry values for this type of

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i'm just getting my safety cutter on the

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absolutely yeah

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it's just like in the pool instead of

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that

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as the international space station flies

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257

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statute miles over the coast of chile

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terry verts in the initial moments of

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as you can see combustion research on

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iss can have tremendous benefits back

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here on earth we also want to better

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understand the behavior of flames in

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spacecraft to guide strategies for

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extinguishing accidental fires the new

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sapphire is contained inside a two foot

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by three foot by four foot box

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that consists of an avionics bay

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containing the computer

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and instrumentation and a flow duct

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which holds the material to be burned

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this will be carried aboard orbital's

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cygnus spacecraft during a scheduled

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cargo resupply mission to the

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international space station

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once at the station

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sapphire will remain on cygnus until all

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the supplies are offloaded by the crew

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of astronauts

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once supplies are offloaded and replaced

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with trash from the iss

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cygnus will depart

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once reaching a safe distance from the

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station

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nasa glenn engineers working from

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orbital's mission control center in

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dulles virginia will remotely turn on

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the experiment

287
00:12:24,150 --> 00:12:22,720
cygnus will then be put into free drift

288
00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:24,160
while the sapphire experiment is

289
00:12:29,110 --> 00:12:27,440
conducted up to two and one half hours

290
00:12:31,030 --> 00:12:29,120
the experiments sensors and video

291
00:12:33,829 --> 00:12:31,040
cameras are designed to capture valuable

292
00:12:36,550 --> 00:12:33,839
data and imagery documenting large scale

293
00:12:37,590 --> 00:12:36,560
flame spread and material flammability

294
00:12:39,190 --> 00:12:37,600
limits

295
00:12:41,269 --> 00:12:39,200
at the conclusion of the sapphire

296
00:12:43,750 --> 00:12:41,279
experiment the cygnus vehicle will

297
00:12:45,829 --> 00:12:43,760
remain in orbit while the data captured

298
00:12:47,990 --> 00:12:45,839
is downlinked to several ground stations

299
00:12:50,150 --> 00:12:48,000
around the globe and transferred to nasa

300
00:12:51,670 --> 00:12:50,160
glenn's scientists and engineers in

301
00:12:54,069 --> 00:12:51,680
cleveland

302
00:12:55,670 --> 00:12:54,079
when downlink is complete cygnus will

303
00:12:58,069 --> 00:12:55,680
then begin its re-entry through the

304
00:13:25,350 --> 00:12:58,079
earth's atmosphere where it will burn up

305
00:13:29,269 --> 00:13:27,350
serious uh what are we gonna do today

306
00:13:31,430 --> 00:13:29,279
well today i well first i have to start

307
00:13:33,590 --> 00:13:31,440
off by saying that uh today i'm with

308
00:13:35,269 --> 00:13:33,600
someone who needs no introduction

309
00:13:37,030 --> 00:13:35,279
because you've all seen him before he's

310
00:13:40,550 --> 00:13:37,040
the guy we love

311
00:13:42,949 --> 00:13:40,560
dr don pettit welcome to station life ah

312
00:13:44,710 --> 00:13:42,959
it's it's good to be back on station i

313
00:13:46,790 --> 00:13:44,720
guess we're really not back on station

314
00:13:49,829 --> 00:13:46,800
but it's good to be here on station life

315
00:13:52,629 --> 00:13:49,839
thank you yes and um i am just beyond

316
00:13:54,629 --> 00:13:52,639
excited today because don is not only

317
00:13:56,790 --> 00:13:54,639
one of the most fantastic astronauts

318
00:13:59,670 --> 00:13:56,800
ever he's like one of my favorite people

319
00:14:02,310 --> 00:13:59,680
so this is a landmark event in station

320
00:14:05,509 --> 00:14:02,320
life history that we have with us and we

321
00:14:07,269 --> 00:14:05,519
both studied chemistry in college and

322
00:14:11,110 --> 00:14:07,279
look at what he's wearing see i've got

323
00:14:13,750 --> 00:14:11,120
my periodic table shirt on okay okay

324
00:14:16,870 --> 00:14:13,760
coffee cup coffee cups so

325
00:14:18,949 --> 00:14:16,880
we have the first generation the second

326
00:14:21,910 --> 00:14:18,959
generation and both of these have been

327
00:14:24,389 --> 00:14:21,920
on station this is uh a food grade

328
00:14:29,269 --> 00:14:24,399
plastic so it meets flight safety and

329
00:14:34,710 --> 00:14:32,230
a variant of the second generation

330
00:14:37,030 --> 00:14:34,720
what's that for well this this is for

331
00:14:38,310 --> 00:14:37,040
earth because this is slip cast out of

332
00:14:39,990 --> 00:14:38,320
porcelain

333
00:14:43,350 --> 00:14:40,000
and it has this really

334
00:14:46,870 --> 00:14:43,360
cool smooth look that shows off the form

335
00:14:49,910 --> 00:14:46,880
and the beauty of the design of this

336
00:14:52,629 --> 00:14:49,920
yeah but but porcelain is breakable you

337
00:14:53,910 --> 00:14:52,639
can make these sharp shards and in a

338
00:14:55,509 --> 00:14:53,920
weightless environment they could float

339
00:14:57,509 --> 00:14:55,519
around they could get in your eye or

340
00:14:59,430 --> 00:14:57,519
even worse you could inhale one of these

341
00:15:01,670 --> 00:14:59,440
shades get them in your lungs so so we

342
00:15:03,590 --> 00:15:01,680
can't take the porcelain ones on orbit

343
00:15:05,670 --> 00:15:03,600
but they're really cool looking and we

344
00:15:08,949 --> 00:15:05,680
can use them here on earth awesome shall

345
00:15:12,710 --> 00:15:11,110
notice your nose goes right in the cup

346
00:15:13,990 --> 00:15:12,720
and you get this

347
00:15:20,389 --> 00:15:14,000
burst of

348
00:15:24,069 --> 00:15:22,629
that's a good mix of cream you like that

349
00:15:25,829 --> 00:15:24,079
yeah yeah

350
00:15:28,550 --> 00:15:25,839
and oh let me read what it says it says

351
00:15:30,710 --> 00:15:28,560
space cup and that's the official name

352
00:15:32,949 --> 00:15:30,720
of this that's the op nom

353
00:15:34,710 --> 00:15:32,959
for the space station the official

354
00:15:36,470 --> 00:15:34,720
sanctioned space station experiment it's

355
00:15:38,949 --> 00:15:36,480
a the name of the experiment is

356
00:15:42,310 --> 00:15:38,959
capillary beverage capillary beverage

357
00:15:44,790 --> 00:15:42,320
and the name of the cup is space cup

358
00:15:46,870 --> 00:15:44,800
and and then there are words on it says

359
00:15:48,230 --> 00:15:46,880
capillary experiments international

360
00:15:50,310 --> 00:15:48,240
space station

361
00:15:53,590 --> 00:15:50,320
skeletonized nasa meatball this would be

362
00:15:55,829 --> 00:15:53,600
a collector's item for sure

363
00:15:58,069 --> 00:15:55,839
i was seeking tracy i want to go back up

364
00:16:00,710 --> 00:15:59,110
if you

365
00:16:03,350 --> 00:16:00,720
look at everything that i will have

366
00:16:05,990 --> 00:16:03,360
accomplished in my life

367
00:16:06,870 --> 00:16:06,000
in 400 years nobody even remember that i

368
00:16:08,790 --> 00:16:06,880
was

369
00:16:11,670 --> 00:16:08,800
even walked the surface of earth or

370
00:16:14,230 --> 00:16:11,680
floated around in space however

371
00:16:16,710 --> 00:16:14,240
i predicted in 400 years

372
00:16:19,189 --> 00:16:16,720
people living and working in space will

373
00:16:22,470 --> 00:16:19,199
be drinking sipping and toasting out of

374
00:16:23,910 --> 00:16:22,480
cups based on my design yes and and you

375
00:16:26,069 --> 00:16:23,920
will there will be

376
00:16:27,829 --> 00:16:26,079
you'll be legend you are like what am i

377
00:16:28,710 --> 00:16:27,839
talking about they won't remember

378
00:16:31,829 --> 00:16:28,720
anything

379
00:16:32,790 --> 00:16:31,839
like do you remember who invented fire

380
00:16:35,990 --> 00:16:32,800
uh

381
00:16:38,150 --> 00:16:36,000
let's see and and who invented the wheel

382
00:16:40,150 --> 00:16:38,160
no you see nobody needs to remember who

383
00:16:42,069 --> 00:16:40,160
did these states the important thing is

384
00:16:44,790 --> 00:16:42,079
you got to know how to build a wheel you

385
00:16:46,870 --> 00:16:44,800
got to know how to control fire and then

386
00:16:49,269 --> 00:16:46,880
your civilization could take off and in

387
00:16:50,790 --> 00:16:49,279
space you don't need to remember who

388
00:16:52,470 --> 00:16:50,800
messed with the

389
00:16:54,550 --> 00:16:52,480
surface chemistry to make these but you

390
00:16:56,629 --> 00:16:54,560
need to know that you know how to make

391
00:16:58,710 --> 00:16:56,639
them and that you can use them and it

392
00:17:01,189 --> 00:16:58,720
will help

393
00:17:03,590 --> 00:17:01,199
build the civil

394
00:17:05,189 --> 00:17:03,600
civilized nature of human beings

395
00:17:08,630 --> 00:17:05,199
interacting with each other when you're

396
00:17:10,789 --> 00:17:08,640
in a weightless environment well don

397
00:17:13,350 --> 00:17:10,799
i've just had so much fun having you on

398
00:17:16,150 --> 00:17:13,360
station life and sharing your invention

399
00:17:17,909 --> 00:17:16,160
and your passion for science and and

400
00:17:19,510 --> 00:17:17,919
coffee and bringing people together and

401
00:17:23,110 --> 00:17:19,520
i think you've done that in a number of

402
00:17:25,110 --> 00:17:23,120
ways but none so um illustrative as the

403
00:17:35,110 --> 00:17:25,120
space

404
00:17:40,150 --> 00:17:38,150
a normal coffee cup or a normal open

405
00:17:41,590 --> 00:17:40,160
container just simply won't work in a

406
00:17:43,430 --> 00:17:41,600
weightless environment because the

407
00:17:45,510 --> 00:17:43,440
liquid will

408
00:17:47,590 --> 00:17:45,520
be in the bottom of the cup and you tip

409
00:17:49,590 --> 00:17:47,600
it up and it still stays in the bottom

410
00:17:51,750 --> 00:17:49,600
of the cup if you move it around too

411
00:17:54,710 --> 00:17:51,760
violently it'll all splash out and make

412
00:17:57,270 --> 00:17:54,720
a big mess so we end up having to drink

413
00:17:59,190 --> 00:17:57,280
our beverages through a straw from a bag

414
00:18:01,990 --> 00:17:59,200
makes you feel like you're a big insect

415
00:18:03,990 --> 00:18:02,000
sucking the juices from another insect i

416
00:18:05,270 --> 00:18:04,000
wanted to see if i could figure out a

417
00:18:07,750 --> 00:18:05,280
way

418
00:18:09,590 --> 00:18:07,760
to have an open container cup in a

419
00:18:13,190 --> 00:18:09,600
weightless environment which would allow

420
00:18:14,870 --> 00:18:13,200
you to drink your tea and your coffee in

421
00:18:17,750 --> 00:18:14,880
a manner that's commensurate with how

422
00:18:20,789 --> 00:18:17,760
people drink their beverages on earth

423
00:18:22,710 --> 00:18:20,799
taking some of my surface chemistry that

424
00:18:26,150 --> 00:18:22,720
i learned in college

425
00:18:27,510 --> 00:18:26,160
i devised a cup with a special shape the

426
00:18:30,310 --> 00:18:27,520
cross section looks kind of like an

427
00:18:32,390 --> 00:18:30,320
airplane wing where it has a cusp and

428
00:18:35,029 --> 00:18:32,400
the cusp will

429
00:18:36,630 --> 00:18:35,039
allow channel flow so the liquid from

430
00:18:39,270 --> 00:18:36,640
the bottom of the cup will float up and

431
00:18:41,029 --> 00:18:39,280
just park itself right next to the rim

432
00:18:44,150 --> 00:18:41,039
and then you can drink it

433
00:18:46,150 --> 00:18:44,160
and it allows a crew to share a communal

434
00:18:47,669 --> 00:18:46,160
beverage you could share tea

435
00:18:49,350 --> 00:18:47,679
maybe you just come in from doing a

436
00:18:51,190 --> 00:18:49,360
space walk or something you want to

437
00:18:54,150 --> 00:18:51,200
celebrate a little bit if you have a

438
00:18:55,830 --> 00:18:54,160
real cup an open container it's so

439
00:18:58,230 --> 00:18:55,840
ingrained in human beings it's so

440
00:19:00,390 --> 00:18:58,240
ingrained in culture it adds back the

441
00:19:17,669 --> 00:19:00,400
dimension of what it's like to be a

442
00:19:17,679 --> 00:19:40,870
foreign

443
00:19:44,150 --> 00:19:41,909
okay

444
00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:44,160
flames and fluids are acting a little

445
00:19:46,789 --> 00:19:45,360
differently

446
00:19:48,870 --> 00:19:46,799
but that's not all

447
00:19:51,510 --> 00:19:48,880
take a look at how microgravity affects

448
00:19:54,789 --> 00:19:51,520
colloids magnetic fluids and smart

449
00:19:59,750 --> 00:19:57,190
if you have a smartphone take it out and

450
00:20:02,230 --> 00:19:59,760
run your fingers along the glass surface

451
00:20:03,350 --> 00:20:02,240
it's cool to the touch incredibly thin

452
00:20:06,070 --> 00:20:03,360
and strong

453
00:20:07,750 --> 00:20:06,080
and almost impervious to scratching

454
00:20:10,149 --> 00:20:07,760
you're now in contact with a smart

455
00:20:14,549 --> 00:20:10,159
material

456
00:20:16,470 --> 00:20:14,559
instead they're designed by engineers

457
00:20:18,549 --> 00:20:16,480
working at the molecular level to

458
00:20:21,669 --> 00:20:18,559
produce substances made to order for

459
00:20:23,830 --> 00:20:21,679
futuristic applications

460
00:20:25,830 --> 00:20:23,840
the corning gorilla glass that overlays

461
00:20:27,350 --> 00:20:25,840
the displays of many smartphones is a

462
00:20:29,830 --> 00:20:27,360
great example

463
00:20:31,909 --> 00:20:29,840
it gets its toughness in part from fat

464
00:20:33,750 --> 00:20:31,919
potassium ions stuffed into the empty

465
00:20:35,909 --> 00:20:33,760
spaces between old-fashioned glass

466
00:20:37,510 --> 00:20:35,919
molecules

467
00:20:39,909 --> 00:20:37,520
when the molten glass cools during

468
00:20:42,310 --> 00:20:39,919
manufacturing dense pack molecules

469
00:20:44,230 --> 00:20:42,320
solidify into a transparent armor that

470
00:20:46,310 --> 00:20:44,240
gives gorilla glass as extraordinary

471
00:20:48,549 --> 00:20:46,320
properties

472
00:20:51,110 --> 00:20:48,559
around the world designers are working

473
00:20:53,350 --> 00:20:51,120
on other smart materials such as alloys

474
00:20:55,029 --> 00:20:53,360
that can change shape on demand

475
00:20:57,669 --> 00:20:55,039
plastics that heal themselves when

476
00:20:59,909 --> 00:20:57,679
ruptured and fluids that obey magnetic

477
00:21:02,549 --> 00:20:59,919
commands to flow or stiffen under

478
00:21:04,870 --> 00:21:02,559
computer control one of the greatest

479
00:21:06,789 --> 00:21:04,880
challenges in creating a smart material

480
00:21:08,710 --> 00:21:06,799
is arranging the molecules

481
00:21:10,230 --> 00:21:08,720
they're so small

482
00:21:12,470 --> 00:21:10,240
we want to create a new class of

483
00:21:15,110 --> 00:21:12,480
materials beyond smart

484
00:21:17,990 --> 00:21:15,120
we need genius materials materials that

485
00:21:21,990 --> 00:21:19,909
the research to accomplish this is

486
00:21:23,350 --> 00:21:22,000
already underway on the international

487
00:21:25,830 --> 00:21:23,360
space station

488
00:21:29,029 --> 00:21:25,840
dr first is the principal investigator

489
00:21:31,430 --> 00:21:29,039
of an experiment called in space 3.

490
00:21:33,510 --> 00:21:31,440
in the microgravity of earth orbit

491
00:21:35,750 --> 00:21:33,520
vials of fluid mixed with very small

492
00:21:37,909 --> 00:21:35,760
colloidal particles about a millionth of

493
00:21:39,510 --> 00:21:37,919
a meter in diameter are exposed to

494
00:21:41,510 --> 00:21:39,520
magnetic fields

495
00:21:43,270 --> 00:21:41,520
magnetism can be switched on and off

496
00:21:45,430 --> 00:21:43,280
again very rapidly

497
00:21:47,590 --> 00:21:45,440
this jostles the particles causing them

498
00:21:49,510 --> 00:21:47,600
to bump together and self-assemble into

499
00:21:51,110 --> 00:21:49,520
microscopic structures

500
00:21:53,190 --> 00:21:51,120
these structures can be very difficult

501
00:21:55,510 --> 00:21:53,200
to predict even using cutting-edge

502
00:21:57,430 --> 00:21:55,520
models running on supercomputers

503
00:21:59,669 --> 00:21:57,440
astronauts enjoy watching this process

504
00:22:01,909 --> 00:21:59,679
in action through microscopes because

505
00:22:03,590 --> 00:22:01,919
the samples are backlit by a green lamp

506
00:22:06,310 --> 00:22:03,600
they sometimes call it the green blob

507
00:22:10,549 --> 00:22:08,149
first recently won an award from the

508
00:22:12,789 --> 00:22:10,559
american astronautical society for his

509
00:22:15,190 --> 00:22:12,799
work on in space 3.

510
00:22:16,789 --> 00:22:15,200
just by toggling a magnetic field we're

511
00:22:19,029 --> 00:22:16,799
learning how to take many kinds of

512
00:22:20,950 --> 00:22:19,039
microscopic building blocks and get them

513
00:22:23,750 --> 00:22:20,960
to spontaneously form interesting

514
00:22:27,750 --> 00:22:25,590
recently observers have seen the

515
00:22:29,270 --> 00:22:27,760
colloidal particles forming long fibrous

516
00:22:30,870 --> 00:22:29,280
chains

517
00:22:32,470 --> 00:22:30,880
first speculates that these could lead

518
00:22:35,830 --> 00:22:32,480
to materials that conduct heat or

519
00:22:37,270 --> 00:22:35,840
electricity in only one direction

520
00:22:39,190 --> 00:22:37,280
the experiment has also yielded

521
00:22:41,750 --> 00:22:39,200
crystalline structures that the team is

522
00:22:43,830 --> 00:22:41,760
just beginning to investigate

523
00:22:45,909 --> 00:22:43,840
the fluids underlying these tests are

524
00:22:48,549 --> 00:22:45,919
themselves very smart

525
00:22:50,870 --> 00:22:48,559
they're called magneto-rheological or mr

526
00:22:54,070 --> 00:22:50,880
fluids because they harden or change

527
00:22:56,310 --> 00:22:54,080
shape when they feel a magnetic field

528
00:22:57,990 --> 00:22:56,320
if you own a sports or luxury car you

529
00:23:00,230 --> 00:22:58,000
might have mr fluids in your shock

530
00:23:02,549 --> 00:23:00,240
absorbers the stiffness of magnetic

531
00:23:04,710 --> 00:23:02,559
shocks can be electronically adjusted

532
00:23:06,789 --> 00:23:04,720
thousands of times per second providing

533
00:23:08,710 --> 00:23:06,799
a remarkably smooth ride

534
00:23:10,310 --> 00:23:08,720
similar but more powerful devices have

535
00:23:13,110 --> 00:23:10,320
been installed at japan's national

536
00:23:15,430 --> 00:23:13,120
museum of emerging science and china's

537
00:23:17,270 --> 00:23:15,440
daunting lake bridge

538
00:23:20,789 --> 00:23:17,280
they're there to counteract vibrations

539
00:23:22,870 --> 00:23:20,799
caused by earthquakes and gusts of wind

540
00:23:24,710 --> 00:23:22,880
some researchers have speculated that mr

541
00:23:26,710 --> 00:23:24,720
fluids might one day flow through the

542
00:23:27,830 --> 00:23:26,720
actuators and hydraulic dampers of

543
00:23:29,830 --> 00:23:27,840
robots

544
00:23:31,590 --> 00:23:29,840
moving artificial joints and limbs in

545
00:23:33,190 --> 00:23:31,600
lifelike fashion

546
00:23:35,190 --> 00:23:33,200
scientists and researchers are using

547
00:23:37,029 --> 00:23:35,200
these fluids as a laboratory for

548
00:23:39,750 --> 00:23:37,039
studying self-assembly

549
00:23:41,750 --> 00:23:39,760
mr fluids are by definition responsive

550
00:23:44,630 --> 00:23:41,760
to the magnetic nudging that sets

551
00:23:46,870 --> 00:23:44,640
self-assembly in motion furthermore in

552
00:23:49,669 --> 00:23:46,880
space the particles don't sediment out

553
00:23:52,149 --> 00:23:49,679
due to gravity we can study the full 3d

554
00:23:53,909 --> 00:23:52,159
evolution of the material

555
00:23:56,070 --> 00:23:53,919
varying the shape of the colloidal

556
00:23:58,390 --> 00:23:56,080
particles the cadence of magnetic

557
00:24:00,310 --> 00:23:58,400
toggling the temperature of the fluid

558
00:24:02,149 --> 00:24:00,320
and other factors will allow researchers

559
00:24:04,710 --> 00:24:02,159
and astronauts to further explore the

560
00:24:06,230 --> 00:24:04,720
frontiers of self-assembly

561
00:24:07,110 --> 00:24:06,240
touch the surface of your smartphone

562
00:24:09,269 --> 00:24:07,120
again

563
00:24:11,590 --> 00:24:09,279
that's just the beginning

564
00:24:13,830 --> 00:24:11,600
as you can see our international space

565
00:24:16,310 --> 00:24:13,840
station is an unprecedented research

566
00:24:18,230 --> 00:24:16,320
platform in space allowing researchers

567
00:24:20,710 --> 00:24:18,240
and scientists to conduct experiments

568
00:24:22,549 --> 00:24:20,720
that can't be done anywhere else

569
00:24:24,470 --> 00:24:22,559
this work off the earth will lead to a

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better understanding of the fundamentals

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of combustion surface tension and

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00:24:31,350 --> 00:24:29,360
colloids in the absence of gravity

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benefiting us by helping us to make more

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efficient combustion engines better

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00:24:38,870 --> 00:24:36,400
portable medical diagnostics stronger

576
00:24:40,870 --> 00:24:38,880
lighter alloys medicines with a longer

577
00:24:42,870 --> 00:24:40,880
shelf life and buildings that are more

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00:24:44,310 --> 00:24:42,880
resistant to earthquakes

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research on the international space

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00:24:47,750 --> 00:24:46,480
station continues to improve life here

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on the earth

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be sure to stay in touch and follow us

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